Nanny-Level Tutorial: Detailed Explanation of the ls Command in Ubuntu
In Ubuntu, `ls` is a commonly used command to view directory contents. The basic usage is `ls` (displays non-hidden files in the current directory, sorted alphabetically). Its core lies in option combinations: `-a` shows hidden files (including `.` and `..`); `-l` displays detailed information (including permissions, owner, size, modification time, etc.); `-h` works with `-l` to show sizes in units like KB/MB; `-t` sorts by modification time, `-r` reverses the order, `-S` sorts by size, `-d` only shows directory names, and `--color=auto` differentiates file types by color. Combinable options include `-lha` (detailed + hidden + size) and `-ltr` (detailed + time + reverse). It can also view specified paths, such as `ls /home/user/Documents`. Common combinations are `ls -l` (detailed), `ls -a` (hidden), `ls -lha` (detailed hidden size), etc. It is recommended to use `man ls` for more help.
Read MoreLinux System Maintenance: Essential Basic Knowledge for Beginners
Maintaining Linux servers is an essential skill in the internet era. Linux, being stable, open-source, and secure, is the mainstream operating system for servers. Beginners can solve common issues such as file permissions and service startup by mastering basic operations. Core skills include: command-line operations (ssh login, basic commands like pwd/ls/cd); file system (root directory and core directory structures such as /etc/var); file operations (touch/mkdir/cp/mv/rm); permission management (rwx permission representation, chmod modification); processes and services (ps/top/kill for viewing and terminating processes, systemctl for managing services); network configuration (ip addr, ping, port checking, and firewall setup); system updates (apt/yum for updates, software installation and uninstallation); and log backup (tar compression, tail for log viewing). Learning suggestions: practice extensively using virtual machines or experimental platforms, utilize tools like Xshell/FinalShell, make good use of the man command for help, back up data before operations, and develop a cautious habit.
Read MoreEssential for Beginners: 5 Basic Linux Server Commands
This article introduces 5 basic core commands for Linux servers to help beginners quickly get started. The `ls` command is used to view directory files, displaying the current directory by default. Common parameters include `ls -l` (detailed information), `ls -a` (including hidden files), and `ls [path]` (specifying a directory). The `cd` command switches directories: `cd [directory name]` enters a subdirectory, `cd ..` returns to the parent directory, `cd ~` goes to the home directory, and `cd /` navigates to the root directory. The `pwd` command directly displays the current path, preventing operational errors. `mkdir` creates directories: `mkdir [directory name]` creates a single-level directory, while `mkdir -p [multi-level]` builds nested directories. `df -h` checks disk space, with `-h` converting to human-readable units to view partition sizes and usage rates. These 5 "foundation" commands are fundamental for server management. Practicing parameters (e.g., `ls -l/a`, `mkdir -p`) and familiarizing with the "parameter + target" mode will help beginners gradually advance their skills.
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